如何在 Linux 上安裝 Docker 容器？ （Ubuntu 和 CentOS）

已發表: 2019-08-01

如何在 Linux 上安裝 Docker

毫無疑問，Docker 是滿足您企業和/或個人項目需求的最佳Container Management Platform 。

為什麼我們需要 Docker？

為您的項目考慮這個簡單的場景。

  • 您有一個複雜的 Java Enterprise 應用程序，其中包含 50 多個 maven 依賴項。
  • 您有更多的本地服務依賴項。
  • 您有自己的數據庫實例在本地運行。
  • 您有超過 10 個自定義 shell 腳本來設置您的環境。
  • 你有 ~5 個環境變量。
  • 你有大約 5 個自動啟動腳本。
  • 等等…

好吧，當您想將以上所有內容運送給您的客戶時，這需要很多步驟。 不是嗎？

這就是 Docker 發揮作用的地方。

簡單：

如何在single docker image中構建和組裝以上所有內容並將該映像發送給您的客戶？ 只需single step install ， get ready within few minutes 。

在本教程中，我們將介紹如何install Docker on Linux以及所有必需的步驟。

讓我們開始吧：

第1步。 登錄 Linux 主機並檢查先決條件

Docker 有 3 種風格：

  • Docker 引擎 – 社區
  • Docker 引擎 – 企業
  • 碼頭工人企業

在本教程中，我們將介紹安裝Docker Community Edition的步驟。

1.1) 登錄您的 Linux 主機。

我正在使用 Digital Ocean droplet 作為我的 linux 主機。

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bash - 3.2 $ ssh root @ 45.56.94.4
root @ 45.56.94.4 ' s password :
Welcome to Ubuntu 19.04 ( GNU / Linux 5.0.0 - 13 - generic x86_64 )

1.2) 檢查 Linux 操作系統架構：

您需要64-bit架構。

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root @ localhost : ~ # arch
 
x86_64

1.3) 檢查 Linux 操作系統內核級別：

內核級別應大於 3.0。

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root @ localhost : ~ # uname -r
 
5.0.0 - 13 - generic

第2步。 安裝 Docker 社區版

2.1) 確保將 Docker 的官方 PGP 密鑰添加到您的系統中。

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root @ localhost : ~ # curl -fsSL https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu/gpg | sudo apt-key add -
OK
 
root @ localhost : ~ #

2.2) 確保您獲得正確的 PGP 密鑰：

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root @ localhost : ~ # sudo apt-key fingerprint 0EBFCD88 | grep 5822
 
Warning : apt - key output should not be parsed ( stdout is not a terminal )
       9DC8 5822 9FC7 DD38 854A    E2D8 8D81 803C 0EBF CD88

2.3) 確保將您的 Ubuntu 操作系統安裝到最新版本

Command: sudo apt-get update

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root @ localhost : ~ # sudo apt-get update
 
Hit : 1 http : //mirrors.linode.com/ubuntu disco InRelease
Get : 2 http : //mirrors.linode.com/ubuntu disco-updates InRelease [97.5 kB]                                                                            
Get : 3 http : //mirrors.linode.com/ubuntu disco-backports InRelease [88.8 kB]                                                                          
Hit : 4 https : //download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu disco InRelease                                                                                      
Get : 5 http : //mirrors.linode.com/ubuntu disco-updates/main amd64 Packages [226 kB]    
Get : 6 http : //security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu disco-security InRelease [97.5 kB]
Get : 7 http : //mirrors.linode.com/ubuntu disco-updates/main i386 Packages [194 kB]
Get : 8 http : //mirrors.linode.com/ubuntu disco-updates/universe i386 Packages [252 kB]    
Get : 9 http : //mirrors.linode.com/ubuntu disco-updates/universe amd64 Packages [254 kB]
Get : 10 http : //mirrors.linode.com/ubuntu disco-updates/universe Translation-en [80.1 kB]
Get : 11 http : //security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu disco-security/main i386 Packages [144 kB]          
Get : 12 http : //security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu disco-security/main amd64 Packages [173 kB]
Get : 13 http : //security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu disco-security/universe amd64 Packages [220 kB]
Get : 14 http : //security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu disco-security/universe i386 Packages [217 kB]
Get : 15 http : //security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu disco-security/universe Translation-en [55.4 kB]
Fetched 2 , 098 kB in 2s ( 1 , 188 kB / s )                           
Reading package lists . . . Done

2.4) 設置最新穩定的 Docker 存儲庫

Command: sudo add-apt-repository “deb [arch=amd64] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) stable”

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root @ localhost : ~ # sudo add-apt-repository "deb [arch=amd64] https://download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu $(lsb_release -cs) stable"
 
Hit : 1 http : //mirrors.linode.com/ubuntu disco InRelease
Hit : 2 http : //mirrors.linode.com/ubuntu disco-updates InRelease                                    
Hit : 3 http : //mirrors.linode.com/ubuntu disco-backports InRelease                                  
Hit : 4 https : //download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu disco InRelease                                    
Hit : 5 http : //security.ubuntu.com/ubuntu disco-security InRelease                                  
Reading package lists . . . Done

2.5) 安裝 Docker

Command: sudo apt-get install docker-ce

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root @ localhost : ~ # sudo apt-get install docker-ce
 
Reading package lists . . . Done
Building dependency tree      
Reading state information . . . Done
The following packages were automatically installed and are no longer required :
   bridge - utils dns - root - data dnsmasq - base ubuntu - fan
Use 'sudo apt autoremove' to remove them .
The following additional packages will be installed :
   aufs - tools containerd . io docker - ce - cli libltdl7
The following packages will be REMOVED :
   containerd docker . io runc
The following NEW packages will be installed :
   aufs - tools containerd . io docker - ce docker - ce - cli libltdl7
0 upgraded , 5 newly installed , 3 to remove and 101 not upgraded .
Need to get 87.9 MB of archives .
After this operation , 133 MB of additional disk space will be used .
Do you want to continue ? [ Y / n ] Y
 
Get : 1 http : //mirrors.linode.com/ubuntu disco/universe amd64 aufs-tools amd64 1:4.9+20170918-2 [104 kB]
Get : 2 http : //mirrors.linode.com/ubuntu disco/main amd64 libltdl7 amd64 2.4.6-10 [38.3 kB]                
Get : 3 https : //download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu disco/stable amd64 containerd.io amd64 1.2.6-3 [22.6 MB]
Get : 4 https : //download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu disco/stable amd64 docker-ce-cli amd64 5:19.03.1~3-0~ubuntu-disco [42.5 MB]
Get : 5 https : //download.docker.com/linux/ubuntu disco/stable amd64 docker-ce amd64 5:19.03.1~3-0~ubuntu-disco [22.7 MB]
Fetched 87.9 MB in 3s ( 34.9 MB / s )     
( Reading database . . . 83080 files and directories currently installed . )
Removing docker . io ( 18.09.5 - 0ubuntu1 ) . . .
'/usr/share/docker.io/contrib/nuke-graph-directory.sh' - > '/var/lib/docker/nuke-graph-directory.sh'
Removing containerd ( 1.2.6 - 0ubuntu1 ) . . .
Removing runc ( 1.0.0 ~ rc7 + git20190403 . 029124da - 0ubuntu1 ) . . .
Selecting previously unselected package aufs - tools .
( Reading database . . . 82836 files and directories currently installed . )
Preparing to unpack . . . / aufs - tools_1 % 3a4.9 + 20170918 - 2_amd64.deb . . .
Unpacking aufs - tools ( 1 : 4.9 + 20170918 - 2 ) . . .
Selecting previously unselected package containerd . io .
Preparing to unpack . . . / containerd . io_1 . 2.6 - 3_amd64.deb . . .
Unpacking containerd . io ( 1.2.6 - 3 ) . . .
Selecting previously unselected package docker - ce - cli .
Preparing to unpack . . . / docker - ce - cli_5 % 3a19.03.1 ~ 3 - 0 ~ ubuntu - disco_amd64 . deb . . .
Unpacking docker - ce - cli ( 5 : 19.03.1 ~ 3 - 0 ~ ubuntu - disco ) . . .
Selecting previously unselected package docker - ce .
Preparing to unpack . . . / docker - ce_5 % 3a19.03.1 ~ 3 - 0 ~ ubuntu - disco_amd64 . deb . . .
Unpacking docker - ce ( 5 : 19.03.1 ~ 3 - 0 ~ ubuntu - disco ) . . .
Selecting previously unselected package libltdl7 : amd64 .
Preparing to unpack . . . / libltdl7_2 . 4.6 - 10_amd64.deb . . .
Unpacking libltdl7 : amd64 ( 2.4.6 - 10 ) . . .
Setting up aufs - tools ( 1 : 4.9 + 20170918 - 2 ) . . .
Setting up containerd . io ( 1.2.6 - 3 ) . . .
Setting up libltdl7 : amd64 ( 2.4.6 - 10 ) . . .
Setting up docker - ce - cli ( 5 : 19.03.1 ~ 3 - 0 ~ ubuntu - disco ) . . .
Setting up docker - ce ( 5 : 19.03.1 ~ 3 - 0 ~ ubuntu - disco ) . . .
Installing new version of config file / etc / init . d / docker . . .
Installing new version of config file / etc / init / docker . conf . . .
Created symlink / etc / systemd / system / multi - user . target . wants / docker . service → / lib / systemd / system / docker . service .
Processing triggers for systemd ( 240 - 6ubuntu5 ) . . .
Processing triggers for man - db ( 2.8.5 - 2 ) . . .
Processing triggers for libc - bin ( 2.29 - 0ubuntu2 ) . . .

2.6) 檢查 Docker 版本

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root @ localhost : ~ # docker -v
Docker version 19.03.1 , build 74b1e89

步驟 3。 啟動 Docker 並運行 Hello World

Docker 在 Linux 上安裝成功

3.1) 在 Linux 上運行 Docker 的簡單命令

正如您在安裝過程中看到的，Docker 將自己註冊為系統服務： /lib/systemd/system/docker.service 。

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root @ localhost : ~ # sudo systemctl start docker

3.2) 讓我們拉出 Hello World Docker 並運行

Command: sudo docker run hello-world

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root @ localhost : ~ # sudo docker run hello-world
Unable to find image 'hello-world:latest' locally
latest : Pulling from library / hello - world
1b930d010525 : Pull complete
Digest : sha256 : 6540fc08ee6e6b7b63468dc3317e3303aae178cb8a45ed3123180328bcc1d20f
Status : Downloaded newer image for hello - world : latest
 
Hello from Docker !
This message shows that your installation appears to be working correctly .
 
To generate this message , Docker took the following steps :
1. The Docker client contacted the Docker daemon .
2. The Docker daemon pulled the "hello-world" image from the Docker Hub .
     ( amd64 )
3. The Docker daemon created a new container from that image which runs the
     executable that produces the output you are currently reading .
4. The Docker daemon streamed that output to the Docker client , which sent it
     to your terminal .
 
To try something more ambitious , you can run an Ubuntu container with :
$ docker run - it ubuntu bash
 
Share images , automate workflows , and more with a free Docker ID :
https : //hub.docker.com/
 
For more examples and ideas , visit :
https : //docs.docker.com/get-started/
 
root @ localhost : ~ #

上面的命令將拉取 docker 鏡像，您將能夠運行 Docker Hello World 應用程序。

第四步。 如何檢查 Docker 映像/存儲庫？

在運行 Hello World 應用程序之前：

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root @ localhost : ~ # docker images
REPOSITORY                     TAG                 IMAGE ID             CREATED             SIZE
keyansoftwares / logviewersvc   latest                04612d6a457d          2 months ago          144MB
keyansoftwares / logreadagent   latest                0385a757deb5          2 months ago          138MB
keyansoftwares / logreadagent    < none >                d75a02abb278          2 months ago          369MB
grafana / grafana               latest               f96bf1723e2a          3 months ago          245MB

運行 Hello World 應用程序後：

正如你在這裡看到的——你會在下面看到新的存儲庫 hello-world

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root @ localhost : ~ # docker images
REPOSITORY                     TAG                 IMAGE ID             CREATED             SIZE
keyansoftwares / logviewersvc   latest                04612d6a457d          2 months ago          144MB
keyansoftwares / logreadagent   latest                0385a757deb5          2 months ago          138MB
keyansoftwares / logreadagent    < none >                d75a02abb278          2 months ago          369MB
grafana / grafana               latest               f96bf1723e2a          3 months ago          245MB
hello - world                   latest               fce289e99eb9          7 months ago          1.84kB

恭喜。 你都準備好了。 您已經為 Docker 設置了 Linux 環境，安裝了 Docker 並運行了您的第一個 Docker 應用程序。

額外步驟：

我們建議您遵循這些安裝後步驟。

VM重啟後如何自動啟動docker？

Command: sudo systemctl enable docker

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root @ localhost : ~ # sudo systemctl enable docker
 
Synchronizing state of docker . service with SysV service script with / lib / systemd / systemd - sysv - install .
Executing : / lib / systemd / systemd - sysv - install enable docker

只需執行上述命令，您的 docker 將在您下次重新啟動 VM/主機時自動啟動。

如果您遇到任何運行以上命令的問題和任何 Docker 問題，請告訴我。

想在 CentOS 上安裝 Docker？

只需將上面的Step-2替換為以下步驟：

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root @ localhost : ~ # sudo yum install -y yum-utils device-mapper-persistent-data lvm2
 
root @ localhost : ~ # sudo yum-config-manager --add-repo https://download.docker.com/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo
 
root @ localhost : ~ # sudo yum install docker-ce docker-ce-cli containerd.io
 
root @ localhost : ~ # sudo systemctl start docker
 
root @ localhost : ~ # sudo docker run hello-world